SHAIKH ESKANDER
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Climate economics & policy

Issues 
  • Do climate policies matter?
  • How do they shape economic and environmental outcomes globally and more locally? 
Journal articles
  • The impact of climate legislation on trade-related carbon emissions, 1996-2018. Environmental and Resource Economics, 2023, 85(1), 167-194. with Sam Fankhauser
    • ​O/A version
  • Global Lessons from Climate Change Legislation and Litigation. NBER Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy, 2021, 2 (1), 44-82. with Sam Fankhauser and Joana Setzer
    • ​O/A version
  • Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from national climate legislation. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(8), pages750–756. with Sam Fankhauser
    • O/A version
Working papers
  • Do market-based climate instruments affect economic growth? with Sam Fankhauser and Ed Barbier (WP coming soon)
  • Health impact of climate change and mitigating effects of climate policies: Evidence from Bangladesh. with M Mahmud
Funding sources
  • NBER (2020)
Collaborators
  • Sam Fankhauser; Joana Setzer; Ed Barbier​ 

Energy economics & policy

Issues 
  • Do energy policies matter for economic and environmental outcomes?
  • What shapes energy transition? What are the consequences of energy transitions?
  • What are the implications for businesses and households? 
Journal articles
  • The heterogeneity of energy transition. Nature Energy, 2022, 7(7), 574-575.  
  • Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from the UK universities. Applied Economics, 2022, 1-18. with K Istiak
    • CAMA Working Paper 94/2021 November 2021
  • Energy use and CO2 emissions in the UK universities: An extended Kaya identity analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 309 (1), 127199. with J Nitschke
Working papers
  • Non-price Energy Conservation Information and Household Energy Consumption in a Developing Country: Evidence from an RCT. Revise & Resubmit JEEM, with Ahsanuzzaman, A Islam and LC Wang 
  • Composition of Distributional Losses in the EU Energy Sector. with P Mozumder
  • Energy aid, renewable energy, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from the SSA countries. with J Olaleye
  • Does efficiency improvement offset emissions? Evidence from the global beef production. with A Acosta, Revise & Resubmit
​Funding sources
  • FAO
Collaborators
  • Asad Islam; Pallab Mozumder; L Choon Wang​​ ​

Environmental risk and sustainable development

Issues 
  • How do different economic agents adapt to environmental risks?
  • What are their welfare implications? 
Journal articles
  • Adaptation to Natural Disasters through the Agricultural Land Rental Market: Evidence from Bangladesh. Land Economics, 2023, 99(1), 141-160. with Ed Barbier
  • Private disaster expenditures by rural Bangladeshi households: Evidence from survey data. Climate and Development, 2023, 1-9. with Paul Steele
  • Long-term Impacts of the 1970 Cyclone in Bangladesh. World Development, Volume 152, April 2022, 105793. with Ed Barbier
  • Income diversification and income inequality: Household responses to the 2013 floods in Pakistan. Sustainability, 2022, 14(1), 453. with Sam Fankhauser
  • Eskander, S., E. Barbier, and B. Gilbert. 2018. Fishing and Non-Fishing Income Decisions: The Role of Human Capital and Family Structure. Land Economics 94(1): 114-136. (In-press version)
  • Eskander, S. and E. Barbier. 2017. Tenure Security, Soil Conservation, and Human Capital in an Overlapping Generation Rural Economy. Ecological Economics 135: 176-185.
Working papers
  • Corruption in cyclone relief and reconstruction: Evidence from a public fund distribution in Bangladesh. with A Islam and M Kamal, Under review
  • Famine at birth: long-term health effects of the 1974-75 Bangladesh famine. with Ed Barbier, Under review
  • Floods and inequality aversion. with A Islam, M Kamal, B Rai and P Raschky
  • In the Shadow of Tuskegee: Trust and Racial Variations in Disaster Response in the U.S. with P Mozumder
​Funding sources
  • IGC
Collaborators
  • Ed Barbier; Sam Fankhauser; Asad Islam; Pallab Mozumder 

Entrepreneurship and climate

Issues 
  • How does climate change affect the businesses?
Journal articles
  • The triple differential vulnerability of female entrepreneurs to climate risk in sub-Saharan Africa: Gendered barriers and enablers to private sector adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, May 2022, 26: e793. with Gannon, K., E. Castellano, D. Agol, M. Diop, D. Conway, and E. Sprout. 
  • How do African SMEs respond to climate risks? Evidence from Kenya and Senegal. World Development, 2018, 108: 157-168. with Crick, F., S. Fankhauser, and M. Diop.
  • Les femmes entrepreneures du secteur agricole en zones semi-arides du Sénégal: entre vulnérabilité multiple et adaptation au changement climatique. Document de travail du Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. with M Diop, K Gannon, E Castellano, and D Agol.
Working papers
  • The role of gender in firm-level climate change adaptation behaviour: Insights from small businesses in Senegal and Kenya. with Gannon, K., E. Castellano, A. Avila, M. Diop, and D. Agol. 
​Funding sources
  • IDRC
Collaborators
  • Sam Fankhauser; Kate Gannon; Florence Crick 

Behavioral economics

Issues 
  • How do behavioral changes affect economic and environmental outcomes?
Journal articles

Working papers
  • Non-price Energy Conservation Information and Household Energy Consumption in a Developing Country: Evidence from an RCT. Revise & Resubmit JEEM, with Ahsanuzzaman, A Islam and LC Wang 
  • Floods and inequality aversion. with A Islam, M Kamal, B Rai and P Raschky
  • Are multilateral agreements more efficient than bilateral? Evidence from experimental data. with J Shogren
  • Internalizing the social cost of disposable cups: Experimental Evidence. with S Heincke
  • Linking the unlinked: Trans-boundary water-sharing under water-for-leverage negotiations. with T Janus and Ed Barbier
  • Impacts of Advertising Restrictions on Cigarette Market: Evidence from US CDC Data. with S Shaffer
  • Determinants of religious and general giving: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. with R Djayusman. ​
​Funding sources
  • IDRC
Collaborators
  • Asad Islam; Jason Shogren; L Choon Wang​​

Political economy of climate change

Issues 
  • What determines the adoption and effectiveness of climate and energy policies?
  • What are the economic and environmental consequences?
Journal articles
  • The impact of climate legislation on trade-related carbon emissions, 1996-2018. Environmental and Resource Economics, 2023, 85(1), 167-194. with Sam Fankhauser
  • Global Lessons from Climate Change Legislation and Litigation. NBER Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy, 2021, 2 (1), 44-82. with Sam Fankhauser and Joana Setzer
  • Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from national climate legislation. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(8), pages750–756. with Sam Fankhauser
​Working papers
  • Testing the ambition loop: Do country-level climate policies influence company-level climate strategies? A global comparison. with S Fankhauser, M Hamley, C Highham, and J Setzer. Revise & Resubmit
  • Assessing the Effect of Unitarianism and Federalism on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. with S Lorteau, Under Review
  • Revisiting Copenhagen climate mitigation targets: looking back and moving forward. with S Li, J Meng, K Hubacek and D Guan, Under review
  • Energy politics and patents. with C. Heinz-Fischer and J Tosun.
​Funding sources
  • IDRC
Collaborators
  • Asad Islam; Jason Shogren; L Choon Wang​


​

Completed projects

Women Entrepreneurs in Climate Change Adaptation (The WECCA Project) 2020-21
This project investigates the specific barriers to adaptation faced by female-led businesses in sub-Saharan Africa, with the goal of identifying gender-specific pathways to supporting some of the most vulnerable small businesses globally to manage the risks of climate change.
This project is a collaboration between the Grantham Research Institute, IED-Afrique and Kenya Markets Trust. The project is funded by the IDRC. Check the project page for updates. Project outputs include:​
  • Les femmes entrepreneures du secteur agricole en zones semi-arides du Sénégal: entre vulnérabilité multiple et adaptation au changement climatique. Document de travail du Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. with M Diop, K Gannon, E Castellano, and D Agol.

Household's Contribution to Disaster Finance (2020-22)
​
In collaboration with International Institute of Environment & Development (IIED), London, UK, I'm investigating out-of-pocket expenditures that the households make (both ex ante and ex post) in the wake of natural disasters. A primary survey of 3,000 rural households in selected districts of Bangladesh has been completed. The project is funded by the UNDP Bangladesh. Project outputs include:
  • Still bearing the burden: How poor rural women in Bangladesh are paying for climate risks. IIED WP Series 2022, IIED, London. with P Steele, M Rashid, N Imam and S Munira
  • Bearing the climate burden: how households in Bangladesh are spending too much. IIED WP Series 2019. with P Steele
  • Rural households in Bangladesh are shouldering the country’s climate burden, The Daily Star October 25, 2019. with P Steele

Economics for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness in Europe (2020-21)
"Disasters can have devastating physical, social, and financial effects. In the past decade, Europe has seen major floods and earthquakes, while images of people seeking relief from record-breaking heatwaves are becoming commonplace. Between 1980 and 2020, natural disasters affected nearly 50 million people in the European Union, and caused on average an economic loss of €12 billion per year. Intensity and frequency of disasters is expected to grow as a result of climate change." Read more here: 
  • https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/06/04/economics-for-disaster-prevention-and-preparedness-in-europe​ ​
  • https://ec.europa.eu/echo/field-blogs/videos/economics-disaster-prevention-and-preparedness_en
  • https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2021/06/04/economics-for-disaster-prevention-and-preparedness-in-europe​ 

Global Livestock Emissions (2019-21) 
This project, commissioned by the Food & Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), investigates some key socioeconomic aspects of global livestock production systems. Examples include emission rebound effects in global beef production. 
Key publications: 
  • Emission rebound effect in global livestock market. with A Acosta
​
Pathways to resilience in semi-arid areas (PRISE)
"
Semi-arid lands have been characterised as climate change ‘hotspots’, where global warming trends are expected to be particularly intense. In developing countries, they are home to around one billion people, including some of the poorest and least food-secure people in the world." Read the project report here: 
  • Ludi, E., …, S. Eskander, … et al. 2019. Pathways to resilience in semi-arid economies (PRISE) CARIAA consortium report February 2014-November 2018. Pathways to Resilience in Semi-Arid Economies (PRISE) Consortium, 2019.
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